A Study On Open Carry Bills - 2002 Words

Open carry in Texas Texas is about to pass an open carry bills, which will loosen the restriction on carrying handguns that started on the reconstruction. Many gun owners will be able to expose their guns without being questions by law enforcement. Texas has the reputation of one of the most gun-friendly states in the nation. The state does not require its residents to have permit or registration to purchase or own shotguns or rifles, but it requires its residents to have permits to buy handguns. Despite the fact of being a gun-friendly state, Texas does not allow handgun owners to display their guns to others in any manners, which means that their guns need to be concealed when they carry them to public places. The open carry law, if passed, will lift that restriction. Gun owners will be able to display their shotguns to the public in a non-threatening manner. The law will most likely be passed this year legislative session since Texas governor, Greg Abbott, already said that he will sign any bills tha t help expanding the Second Amendment including the open carry law(Root, 2015). This paper will examine open carry law’s advantages and disadvantages and provide possible solutions for problems that the current gun laws cannot solve. Before analyzing the new gun laws, it is important to have a general knowledge of the history of the gun laws in the state of Texas. The history of gun laws in Texas started with the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the State of Texas inShow MoreRelatedHb 1169 Was Introduced On January, 3Rd By Representatives1346 Words   |  6 Pageslicense will need to carry a form of state-issued photo ID, must be a North Dakota resident for at least 1 year, must inform police about their handgun upon contact, and must not otherwise be prohibited from possessing a firearm by law. 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On August 1, 2016, Texas will allow students and faculty members in private and public universities to carry a concealed firearm on campus. This bill may be helpful but it doesn’t have much valid information showing it will work. The following year the so-called bill will also apply to two-year college s. As a result, ‘‘Texas joins Colorado, Idaho, KansasRead MoreAlcoholics Anonymous An Open Meeting1188 Words   |  5 PagesAlcoholics Anonymous an Open Meeting Dominique Steinburg describes mutual aid as a process through which people develop collaborative, supportive, and trustworthy relationships; identify and use existing strengths and/or to develop new ones; and work together toward individual and/or collective psychosocial goals. (Steinburg, 2010) Alcoholics Anonymous is mutual aid group that supports individuals in their recovery from alcohol dependence. Established in the mid 1930’s, Alcoholics Anonymous was

Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Ww1 Good Essay Topics and What You Should Do Today

Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Ww1 Good Essay Topics and What You Should Do Today The Little-Known Secrets to Ww1 Good Essay Topics You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make certain to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. You must research the selected topic and discover facts to contradict your primary thesis. The ideal topic for you is the one which you love. Lucky for you, there are a lot of topics you could concentrate on when writing and it's all your responsibility to figure out the precise topic that you would like to build on. The Dirty Truth About Ww1 Good Essay Topics Secondly, the subject of your admission essay is dependent on a university. There is barely any student, who wasn't assigned to compose an essay. While it is clear that essays are an inevitable part of college life, it's the understanding of the small essay writing tips and secrets that makes college p rofessors content. Therefore, if you're requested to draft an exploratory essay in your school, college or university, it's vital to pick a topic that supplies you with the scope to learn more about the subject vividly and most of all learn some helpful lessons while working on the essay. The readers should comprehend the character of the remainder of the essay from your thesis statement. To the contrary, you're attempting to develop an essay topic that fits with your interests and makes you comfortable writing it. Your persuasive essay can be contingent on whatever you experience an opinion or you are able to give a crystal clear argument about it. While the majority of the essay types demand the writers to stay objective and utilize evidence to achieve the goal, you begin an exploratory essay without any specific end in mind. It's possible to restate your thesis statement and point out a number of the arguments used over the full essay that backs it up. You can begin with the form of topic you pick for your compare and contrast essay. The Appeal of Ww1 Good Essay Topics If it's challenging for you to select the perfect essay topic, you can think about the expert services of essay makers. An essay is a short composition which expresses the author's opinion on a certain subject. For you to think of the most suitable essay, you should comprehend the crucial format that's utilized to compose an essay. A European essay should present a selection of viewpoints. How to Choose Ww1 Good Ess ay Topics Think of methods you're likely to create your essay stick out. Why go through the frustration of locating the ideal elements whereas you are able to get your essay done within few minutes. The essay can provide a great opportunity to chat about a few of your accomplishments, but always remember to do so in a manner which is not braggadocious. Your essay needs to be something central to who you are as an individual. Lies You've Been Told About Ww1 Good Essay Topics Researching the topic permits you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. The essay is an amazingly intriguing task that's always different. Critical essays permit you to use your critical thinking abilities. Writing an essay may be a challenging endeavor. Choosing Ww1 Good Essay Topics Is Simple Otherwise, you may wind up filling your essay with unnecessary info. You may find that a number of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any type of writing assignment. At times, it is a fantastic concept to resort to special essay topic generators which are available online. Picking excellent research paper topic ideas comes from a suitable comprehension of a person's surroundings. The Key to Successful Ww1 Good Essay Topics Since you can notice, a lot of the topics mentioned in the above mentioned list focus do not own a definite answer. Quite a massive collection of topics you're able to find here. So now you are aware of how to pick the best compare and contrast topics and the various segments which you need to address when writing. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points you could counter to your own points. The Basic Facts of Ww1 Good Essay Topics You need to understand the 3 standard sections of the essay. Some essays can have a word or page count, while some may just request you answer the prompt. If you've got to compose y our whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. Also, if you're utilised to cranking out essays at one in the early hours, you've got to stop.

Organization Leadership And Teamwork Development Free Sample

Question: Describe about the Leadership and Teamwork for Organization Development? Answer: Introduction: This assignment discusses about the employability skills. As defined by, Allen (2009) employability skills are those transferable skills those are very necessary for the individual in order make them as employable for a particular organization. An individual human being should have certain skills those are needed by the employer of different organizations. Employability skills involve skills, attitudes, knowledge and capabilities of an individual. This assignment is a reflection of employability skills. Developing a set of responsibilities and performance objectives: As stated by, Anderson (2011), there are many skills those are said to be the employability skills, those are communication skills, personal qualities, literacy skills and problem solving skills etc. I have set my own responsibilities in accordance with various types of employability skills. Employability skills include communication and interpersonal skills, problem solving skills, self-motivating skills, ability of work under the immense pressure, organizational skills, teamwork, numerical and literacy skills, ability to be learned and adapted by the new atmosphere of the organization, valuing the diversity as well as differences of various techniques and negotiation skills (Fussell and Kreuz, 2008). Evaluating effectiveness against objectives: I have worked as a warehouse operative therefore; I have to do various types of physical work. I have worked under a team and I have to be responsible to my team leader. Some specific duties are there those have to be played by me while working within the healthcare. I have done some duties in packaging segment of that warehouse, kept the workplace area clean, maintained high level of hygiene and standards of safety. I have tried to achieve the target of my team leader. I have made my performance effectiveness by using SMART objective. By using SMAT objective, I have been able to improve my own performances in my job. According to Anderson (2011), SMART objective helps to measure the effectiveness of performance in accordance with the specific goal or objective of the work. Objectives My performances S=Specific A specific duty on request of team leaders and supervisor M=Measurable Within a stipulated time of 6 hours A=Attainable Not so difficult task of beyond my capacity so I have to frame the job per time and my capacity R=Realistic The work has justification for providing me T=Time-bound I have to complete the work within 6 hours, I should not cross the time limit Table: My own SMART objective (Source: As created by author) Recommendations for improvement: I have worked as a warehouse operator and I have some drawbacks in order to perform my duties and responsibilities properly. Some areas of work should be improved by myself; those are as follows: Aaccurate inventory process Accurate picking Efficient and effective picking and replenishment Control of products Effective utilization of space in warehouse Stock rotation Resource planning and scheduling Handling the backorder effectively Motivational techniques for improving quality of performance: According to Price (2011), motivation techniques should be implemented by any organization in order to motivate and retain the employees in the organization. In order to attract the employees of the organization effective reward programs, standards of rewards, teamwork and cooperation should be implemented by the organization. On the other hand, Dana (2010) stated that, there are some self motivating techniques those are self actualization, esteem, social and safety should also be implemented by me to develop my own performance. Self-motivating techniques involve in setting a target, visualizing the desired outcome, setting the milestone for self-etc can be the techniques for motivating the performance to develop and enhance my performance. Motivation techniques can also be helpful for enhancing my employability skills. Various types of Motivation techniques can be helpful for enhancing the employability skills by decreasing the level of poor performance within my work. On the other hand, Eunmi (2009) argued that, creating a positive work environment, setting own goal, recognizing the achievements can also be the effective as well as important tasks for increasing the level of motivation within my own responsibilities and performances. Developing solutions of work based problems: I have worked as a warehouse operator in an organization where I often faced some work based problems those are often being so critical to solve within the particular time and context. At the level of my working, I have faced some problem regarding co-operation among the team and some internal problem within the organization. I have faced some problems of communicating effectively with my peer and supervisor or some colleagues also. Therefore, my organization has a grievance department that uses to solve problems of the workers. I have joined in different situation of the brain storming session of that department. This session helps to understand the basic cause and root of the problem. Therefore, I have found solutions by sharing my problems with this grievance department of my organization. I have also get ample of help from team leader and supervisor. They have tried to understand the root of my problem and given assurance to solve the problem. I have also faced some problem regarding time management. I have not had the ability to manage the time with proper manner. For this reason, I have been unable to complete my task on a given period. My team leader has handled this fault with a sympathetic manner as it is my first job and I have to learn many things from this job and experience. As stated by Katz (2010) in order to solve any work based problem, many things are there in order to acquire as a strategic decision to solve the problem within the work place. An individual as well as an organization should develop his/her own goal for developing the task. Performance management is also another area to solve the problems within the work place. An individual should build a definite and proper goal for developing the role of his/her work. The individual should use a SMART (S=Specific, M=Measurable, A=Attainable, R=Realistic, T=-Time bound) objective. An individual should also develop Performancee management stargeies in order to enhance the quality of his/her performance within the level of his/her work (Kayode, 2009). Describing style and level of communication: According to Konrad (2009), different style of communication is there in order to enhance the interpersonal communication within the colleagues, peer and supervisor of the team. Communication skills for enhancing the level of employability refer to those skills of communication that helps a person to sustain within a team of the organization. I have tried to maintain my effective communication skills by considering such checklists; those are as follows: Effective skills of listening and talking Able to deal with all sorts of people Able to deal with customers also Develop an effective as well as good working relationship with junior level workers, senior level workers as well as team leaders and supervisors of work Able to follow the instructions of the leader and supervisor Able to talk with pleasant manner over the telephone Effective skills in information technology, like able to know whole programming of computer and various types of social media networking for maintaining an effective communication with internal and external public of the organization Able to interpret and communicate with confidence Effective interpersonal skills that helps to build a healthy interaction within all levels of people As stated by McCarthy (2009), different types of communication approaches as well as techniques are used for dealing with different people within an organization. An individual should know the difference of communication and interaction techniques for different people. An individual public should know how to communicate with people of different level in an organization and in his/her daily life. However, Richardson (2010) stated that, Pull communication style and push communication style are often associated with employability. Pull communication style refers to more formal style of communication. Two employees or managers welcome each other by using this type of communication style. It is more formal and often used between same levels of workers, like between two managers or two employees. Pull communication style is very common and relevant within daily operation. It is not related to any sort of aggressive style of communication. On the other hand, push communication style is referred to the informal style of communication. Push communication style have a little place for empathy. Push communication style refers to a motivational technique for managers of the particular organization. Managers generally use to motivate the employees by using push communication style. The managers of any organization use to stimulate their team members by using the push style and compel them to fulfill their individual tasks within the set period. Stimulation can be happened by using this style of communication within the organization (Saks, 2011). On the other hand, Tharenou (2009) stated that, interpersonal communication is very necessary for everyday life of an individual. An individual person always has to know effective techniques of interpersonal communication in order to deal with every person of his/her life. Identification of effective time management strategies: Figure: Time management matrix (Source: Wright, 2009, pp-440) In order to do effective time management, an individual should be able to recognize the work in accordance with the importance and urgency of the work. I have always maintained the technique of time management in accordance with this particular time management matrix. I always have tried to complete the urgent work first then I have taken other work. Explaining the role of a team: In order to explain the role of team, I have taken Belbins team role model. Belbin has described that a team can be consisted with different specialized roles. There are many members within a team and everyone have different duties as well as responsibilities to complete the task. Members can shape, complete, implement, co ordinate, plant. Monitor and evaluates the tasks within the team. There are other members who has the potential to provide specialize task for the particular organization. The role of team involves shaper, implementer, coordinator, team worker and resource investigator, plant, specialist within the organization. On the other hand, Borissov and Hellie (2013) argued that, team role of Belbin has been used to identify the behavioral strengths as well as weakness within the workplace. Therefore, roles of the team should be balanced by the organization in order to make effective implementation of team roles (Belbin.com, 2015) Analyzing the team dynamics: As discussed by, Belbin (1993), teamwork and team dynamics are very effective in order to complete task with the help of different specialized person within a specific team. Effective teamwork is very helpful for influencing upon the whole process of work. Teamwork helps to get the expected result. A team can be able to cooperate with every member in order to complete the whole task. We can share our experiences with different team members for enhancing the particular work as suggested by other peer tem members of the team. We often discuss with the experienced member of the ream regarding our problems while working at different circumstances within the organizational culture. On the other hand, Marn (2012) argued that, team dynamics could be considered as psychological feeling that often helps to provide positive impact on the performance of the members of the team. This feeling can also affect the performance and ability of every individual member within the team. Individual behavior of the team members can also be properly maintained by team dynamics. An effective team dynamics always help to enhance the performance of the organization within the competitive sector of the market (www.edge.co.uk 2015) However, Parnaby and Towill (2009) argued that, team dynamics not only influence the team but also positively affect the performance of the organization. Team dynamics seek to maintain healthy environment within the organization. Team dynamics also help to enhance the reputation of the company within the competitive market place. Team dynamics can help to retain the staffs of the organization. Team dynamics should always be judged and checked by the authority of the organization. Every company should properly maintain the team dynamics within every team of the organization. On the other hand, Ryzhkova and Milekhin (2011) argued that, different organization have different culture of work. An individual should be accustomed with different culture of different organization. In order to do it an effective team can help the new individual worker to help in different circumstances of the organization. Team can help to discuss about different approaches of work and other culture within the organization. The members of team also can do effective management of time. We often frame our work in accordance with the specific time therefore a team member can cooperate with us to do the same work for completing the task. Team member often help us to complete the task within stipulated time when an individual cannot be able to complete the whole task individually. However, Sim et al. (2011) stated that, a team can be able to maintain effective and healthy environment of work within the workplace. A team can be able to maintain a routine within the work frame of the organization. Effective team always maintains completion of work in proper time and effective quality of work. Alternative ways to complete the tasks: According to Griffiths (2003), there are many different ways for completing one task. Suppose, a team member have failed to complete a task then individual member within the team is being segmented in order to complete the task within the stipulated time. Goal of the team then have to be segmented within individual targets of completion of the task. In order to do this, a strict monitoring process should be present for maintaining proper process of monitoring to every individual. Effective assemblage of individual work helps to complete the task and maintain the goal and objective of the organization (www.exeter.ac.uk, 2015) On the other hand, Price (2011) argued that, at the time of segmenting the task into different individuals knowledge and ability of those individual should be considered by the organization. For this case, Belbins Team role model can provide an effective framework for completing the task. According to Dr. Meredith Belbin, definition of team role is a tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way. Belbins model has given a proper framework for understanding each role of every individual within an organization. Belbin Role Strengths Allowable Weakness Plant: Creative, imaginative, unorthodox, solves difficult problems Ignores crisis and issues, pre-occupied to communicate effectively Resource investigator: Extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative, explores opportunities, develops contacts Over-optimistic, loses interest at the time of initial enthusiasm is passed Coordinator: Mature, confident, a good chairperson, clarifies goals that promotes decision making process, delegates well Manipulative, dedicated to personal work Shaper: Dynamic, challenging, thrives on pressure, the drive and courage for overcoming the obstacles Prone to provocation, offends peoples feelings Monitor evaluator: Sober, strategic and discerning. Lacks drive and ability for inspiring other Team worker: co-operative, mild, perceptive and diplomatic. Listens, builds, Indecisive in crisis Implementer: Disciplined, reliable, conservative, efficient Inflexible, slow in responding to the new possibilities and innovation Completer: anxious, searches errors and omissions, delivers on time Inclined to worry, unwilling to delegate Specialist: single minded, self starting, provides knowledge and skills Contributions on the narrow front, dwells on different technicalities Table: Belbins team role model showing the strengths and ability of individual (Source: Belbin, 1993) This model helps to understand the behavior and attitudes of every individual doing effective work under a team for a shared objective and goal. This team role model often distinguishes their strengths, weakness in the workplace. Belbins framework helps to build effective work relationship and productive work. This model can also help in order to increase the level of personal effectiveness and self-awareness within the team. This model is very effective to segmenting and allocating task to individual n accordance with the knowledge and ability. Tools or methods for developing solutions of problem: In order to develop solutions for problem an individual as well as an organization should follow a GROW model framework for developing a solution for a work based problem. Figure: GROW Model (Source: Parnaby and Towill, 2009, pp-405) I have faced some communication problems with some of my colleagues. On the other hand, I also have faced major problem in order to understand the responsibilities as well as duties within the organization. I have also lacked from effective time management strategies. As discussed by Griffiths (2003), in order to solve a work based problem GROW model can be an effective tool for understanding and solving the goal of the organization. GROW model provides effective feedback of goal, reality, obstacles and way forward skills to develop a solution of work based problem within the employer organization. Developing appropriate strategies for resolving a problem: According to Richardson (2010), in order to solve a problem, the individual person or the organization can use different strategies. An effective organizational culture should be acquired by the organization. Therefore, an individual should develop effective culture within his/her daily work practice. The individual as well as organization should also develop performance management strategies. An individual should know the effective strategy of time management. An individual or an organization should take a proper goal or objective. Evaluating potential impact of implementing strategy in business structure: As discussed by Eunmi (2009), Implementation of effective strategies is very appropriate for a business. Various types of effective and innovative strategies as discussed previous point should help in order to get possible benefit from effective operation of business. Firstly, a business organization should build a proper goal or objective for developing the business operation. Achieving a perfect goal can also help the business organization in order to sustain within the competitive market sector of the particular industry. Secondly, performance management is very important and essential task for a business organization to recruit trained and develop the human resource of the organization. Human resources are the main important element as well as valuable asset of the organization. Performance management is an innovative strategy for managing the human resources of the organization. Effective training and development is effective in order to maintain and sustain the efficient team within the organization. Conclusion: This assignment has dealt with the employability skills. Various types of strategies of performance enhancement have also been discussed by this assignment. Belbins team role model is very helpful to understand the ability of the team. As a warehouse operator I have also learned to solve my problem by using GROW model. Reference lists: Books Allen, D. (2009) Leadership and Teamwork Essays. 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Education. Anderson, D. L. (2011) Organization Development: The Process of Leading Organizational Change, 4th ed. California: Random House. Belbin, R. (1993). Team roles at work. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Fussell, S. and Kreuz, R. (2008). Social and cognitive approaches to interpersonal communication. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Price, A. (2011) Human Resource Management. 5th ed. Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag. Journals Dana, B. M. (2010) HRM practices affecting extrinsic and intrinsic motivation of knowledge receivers and their effect on intra-MNC knowledge transfer. International Business Review. 17: 703713. Eunmi, C. (2009) Composite effect of extrinsic motivation on work effort: Case of Korean studies. Journal of World Business, 38: 70-79. Katz, R. L. (2010) Skills of an effective administrator. Harvard Business Review, 33(1), 3342. Kayode, T. (2009) The Role of Training in charge Management Journal of the Institute of Personnel Management of Nigeria. 10(7), P. 24 31. Konrad, A.M. (2009) Engaging employees through high-involvement work practices. Ivey Business Journal, 5, 211-219. McCarthy, J. (2009) How to Conduct Productive Performance Appraisals, Journal of Property Management, 22-25. Richardson, H.A. (2010). Employee Involvement Climate and Organizational Effectiveness. Human Resource Management, 44(4), 471 488. Saks, A. M. (2011) Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21 (7) 600-619. Tharenou, P. (2009) The relationship of training motivation to participation in training and development. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 32: 599-612. Wright, T. A., (2009). Positive organizational behaviour: An idea whose time has truly come. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 437442. Borissov, K. and Hellier, J. (2013). Globalization, Skill Accumulation and the Skill Premium. Review of Development Economics, 17(2), pp.220-234 Griffiths, G. (2003). Make Your Healthcare Organisation a Learning OrganisationMake Your Healthcare Organisation a Learning Organisation. Nursing Standard, 17(51), pp.29-29 Marn, M. (2012). Product liability system in healthcare. Bulletin: Economics, Organisation and Informatics in Healthcare, 28(2) Parnaby, J. and Towill, D. (2009). Engineering cellular organisation and operation for effective healthcare delivery supply chains. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 20(1), pp.5-29 Ryzhkova, E. and Milekhin, G. (2011). Control of warehouse operation for defined constant pull of demand. Fibre Chemistry, 42(6), pp.404-406 Sim i , B., Poldrugovac, M. and Marui , D. (2011). Quality indicators and accreditation as a tool for quality management in healthcare in Slovenia. Bulletin: Economics, Organisation and Informatics in Healthcare, 27(1) Websites: Belbin.com, (2015). BELBIN: The home of Belbin Team Roles. [online] Available at: https://www.belbin.com [Accessed 10 Dec. 2014] www.edge.co.uk (2015) Available at: https://www.edge.co.uk/media/63412/employability_skills_as_pdf_-_final_online_version.pdf [Accessed on June 30, 2014] www.exeter.ac.uk (2015) available at: https://www.exeter.ac.uk/ambassadors/HESTEM/resources/General/STEMNET%20Employability%20skills%20guide.pdf [Accessed on June 30, 2014]

Science And Will Essays - Kantianism, Concepts, Monism,

Science And Will Schopenhauer had an understanding of the Will, which has to separate parts. The Will to Life and Human Will. The Will to Life, was the over all striving that every animal did on a daily basis, the striving for the will to live. Schopenhauer, believed that the nature of life was suffering and that this suffering was manifested in the will to live. However, this will, in humans, was also manifested by Human Will, or striving for that life, such as studying, reading, etc. This human will also lead to suffering and strife, for as soon as humans would reach one goal, another set of problems or suffering would appear. In fact, Schopenhauer believed that if humans recognized how much suffering that there is in life and in the world, that they would want to kill themselves. However, if you look at all that suffering and decide to live anyways then you have conquered the will and you will no longer truly suffer. In quite a Buddhist theme, you have become liberated and redeemed from life. Moreover, there is a sense of passive acceptance, where one realizes to detach themselves from society. This is explained when Schopenhauer states, "The denial of the will to live does not in any way imply the annihilation of a substance; it means merely the act of non-violation: that which previously willed, wills no more. The will is a philosophical substance that can not be removed or killed. Why is it then that Science can not understand the will as interpreted by Schopenhauer? Schopenhauer believed that the will was an Idea, which was in it's own category. A category different form the a priori and the a posteriori. Science, according to Schopenhauer, is an a priori concept. A priori judgments take sense perception and molds it into a category. Schopenhauer believed that this world of sense perception and categories is a creation of the person or mind who created it. Therefore, Schopenaheur believes that "the world is a duality of the will and idea." Science, according to Schopenhauer is concerned with categories and goals and the will for Schopenhauer, has none of these things. The will has no goal and is therefore unable to be understood by science. Furthermore, the will has no subcomponents or hidden parts, it is simply the will, or the desire to survey. It can not be described in an a priori sense, because it cannot be molded into a category and since Science is an a priori concept, it is unable to explain the will in its sense. Furthermore, the will cannot be molded or shaped, there is no way to destroy the will, it is philosophical, unlike a sensation and therefore, it can not easily be perceived in any light. The medium of science was, according to Schopenhauer, unable to process or mold, the will in it's concept and therefore, is unable to deal with the problems of life.

Stryker Corporation Case Essays

Stryker Corporation Case Essays Stryker Corporation Case Paper Stryker Corporation Case Paper Stryker Corporation Deciding whether to keep outsourcing or in-source PCBs Stryker Corporation has 3 different options regarding the supply of needed PCBs. Option 1: contemplates the fact of keeping the same suppliers but with significant changes in order to assure continuous supply of PCBs and quality. No investment is needed. Option 2: establishing a partner with a single supplier. This way there would be a sole supplier for Stryker established in a new facility near them, this would give more certainty and control over continuous supply and quality standards. Again, no investment is needed. Option 3: in-source the PCB’s, there is a project for investing and owning a plant for producing their own PCB’s, this way they would assure a continuous supply and have 100% control over quality standards. In this case, there is a big amount of capital that should be invested, which is needed to be analyzed in order to see whether it is viable for the company or not. The case present several information regarding expected production costs for in-sourcing and expected purchases for outsourcing. Since there is no projected information of Income Statement, then the only cash flow analysis that can be made is by comparing the efficiency gained by in-sourcing the PCBS compared to the costs of keep buying the PCBs. The case contemplates the projected comparison from 2004 to 2009 of the costs of buying PCBs from an external supplier and the costs of making the PCBs. What we will analyze is the positive cash flow that is derived from the cost improvement of making the PCBs compared to outsourcing them. The sum of these annual savings should be a positive cash flow for the company via a cost reduction. In Exhibit 2, the case presents the comparison of the costs incurred between outsourcing and in-sourcing the PCBs. The in source cost of production contemplates Depreciation Expense as a part of Fixed Cost, what we will do is subtract out of the Fixed Cost all of the Depreciation Expenses because they are not actually part of the cash flow, Depreciation Expense is only an Expense that is recognized because of the lost of value of Assets as Equipment, but it actually doesn’t imply an outflow for the company. Another thing to consider is the re investment in Assets such as Furnishings and non-manufacturing equipment, and Communication Equipment and IT infrastructure, both are expected to fully depreciate in 3 years, so there has to be a re investment of both assets. We will calculate the NPV, IRR and Payback Period, but we need to see the cash flow, but first we show the depreciation calculus: Cash Flow The payback period is less than 5 years; we can see it in the next graph, where the line crosses the X axis in the point 4. 7, which is the calculated payback period. We can see that the NPV is kind of low, but having control of the supply chain in terms of timing for the materials and the finished goods is a plus, also the quality would be higher as new equipment is more reliable and precise adding the strict manufacturing methods of Stryker Corporation, would achieve these results. About the IRR we can say that it is high compared to the contemporaneous interest rate data for the year 20 03, where the highest interest rate is 6. 8 for Moody’s Baa Long-term investment. This is also a good point for the project. We can conclude that the project for in-sourcing it’s a good option to be implemented as the financial calculation has showed us, Stryker Corporation also has the means to do that investment as 6 million is low compared to the 329 million that the company had in 2002, to avoid sourcing and quality problems in-sourcing is the best option.

Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions By Maeve Maddox When I received not one, but three emails telling me that I’d punctuated a sentence with because incorrectly, I decided I’d better write a post about adverbial clauses of reason. Here’s the example that drew the criticism: Incorrect: The famous author lives in a small town, because she doesn’t like the noise of a big city. †¨ Correct : The famous author lives in a small town because she doesn’t like the noise of a big city. Here are the objections I received: 1. Number five conflicts with my 11th grade English teachers rule.  Separate the two halves of a compound sentence with a comma.  Was she wrong? 2. I disagree with #5.  Two independent clauses should be separated by a comma.She doesnt like the noise of the big city. is an independent clause. Remove the word because and you have two sentences that can stand alone. 3. ERROR.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"she doesn’t like the noise of a big city† is also an independent clause, and the comma is required.  This is a compound sentence with â€Å"because† joining two independent clauses. The readers are perfectly correct about the rule for punctuating a compound sentence. Two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction are separated by a comma: Polio would have stopped a lesser man, but Franklin was determined to follow his cousin into the White House. The conjunctions used to join independent clauses in compound sentences are coordinating conjunctions. The most common coordinating conjunctions are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. A coordinating conjunction used to join clauses has only one function: it joins clauses of equal importance. Removing the conjunction between two independent clauses will leave two simple sentences whose meanings remain unchanged. They can stand alone as complete sentences. A subordinating conjunction, on the other hand, has two functions: it joins, and it shows a relationship between the clauses that it joins. Removing a subordinating conjunction defeats the purpose for which it exists. The subordinating conjunction because is used to introduce an adverbial clause of cause or reason. The fact that the author doesn’t like the noise of the big city explains why she lives in a small town. Adverbial clauses of reason are also introduced by the subordinating conjunctions since, as long as, as, inasmuch as, insofar as, and due to the fact that. Reminder: When the adverbial clause comes first in the sentence, it is followed by a comma. When the adverbial clause comes after the independent clause, there is (usually) no need for a comma. For example: Since you asked nicely, you may go to the library on Saturday. You may go to the library on Saturday since you asked nicely. Modern business style tends to reject lengthy conjunctions like inasmuch as and due to the fact that. Because, as, and since are the least wordy choices. Some speakers object to using since to introduce a clause of reason because since is also used to introduce clauses of time. Ordinary attentiveness to revision ought to be sufficient to avoid ambiguity with since. Here’s what The Chicago Manual of Style has to say about the objection to causal since: [Since] may relate either to time or to causation. Some writers erroneously believe that the word relates exclusively to time. But the causal since was a part of the English language before Chaucer wrote in the fourteenth century, and it is useful as a slightly milder way of expressing causation than because. But where there is any possibility of confusion with the temporal sense, use because. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withTop 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad)55 "House" Idioms

Examine a published research report which has been conducted about Essay

Examine a published research report which has been conducted about police management or management in a related field profession - Essay Example Best Value policing is also bringing in a major change in the daily routines of the forces and would need major organizational change management techniques. It is an acknowledged management concept that implementing new ways of working brings instability and uncertainty among workers if not managed well. The legislation required authorities to review all their services over five years and critically examine whether the service is needed in the first place comparing it with other competitive alternatives. Review findings must be published together with improvement actions and targets in an annual performance plan. The legislation deliberately did not provide what mechanisms and techniques are needed to provide best value but left it to local police and fire authorities along with other public service providers to decide ''how best to establish their strengths and weaknesses, how to benchmark; what consultation methods to use; how to produce and carry forward action plans; and so on.'' Early 1999, the home office working group on police performance and best value decided to develop briefing information on best value policing. There was a recognized need to draw on practical experiences in three formal best policing pilots authorities and on preparatory work in some departments the service. Most forces were at differing stages of their preparations, but it was clear that developments were moving at a very fast pace. Though authorities were adopting different methods of implementing best value, at a point, the approaches and preparedness was broadly converging. Authorities were mainly aiming to build on existing structures, systems and cycles rather than creating radical changes in their set ups. All forces were using the business excellence model in varying degrees though, as a self-assessment tool. Most forces were forming teams to oversee daily best value management details. There were signs that police authorities were developing closer working relationships. Despite these developments, there were some emerging concerns and challenges. Some of these were Forces were feeling challenged about

Games Workshop Group Plc Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Games Workshop Group Plc - Coursework Example There is a significant increase in ROE from 1.51% in 2008 to 14.3% in 2009. The reason behind this huge change is the amount of profits in two years. The company successfully generated ?5,432,000 in 2009 in comparison to ?446,000 only in 2008. Overall distributable profit/ loss from continued and discontinued operations is ?5,550,000 in 2009 and loss of ?446,000 in 2008. This net loss in 2008 is due to the fact that the group sustained loss from discontinued operation in 2008. Extraordinary Items As mentioned in the Note 11 in the financial statements, Games Workshop Group plc discontinued some operations in 2008 for which the group sustained a heavy loss of ? 1,186,000. The revenue from this operation was only ?1,308,000, and the total expenses were ? 2,414,000 excluding tax of ? 80,000. Contrary to this, the group in 2009, not only avoided loss on discontinued operation, but also successfully generated ?118,000 profit from these operations. Operating Profit Margin Operating profit margin has increased to 7.17% in 2009 from 2.31% in 2008. Major reason behind this increase is the boost in profit in 2009. The company earned ?9,014,000 operating profit as compared to ?2,552,000 in 2008. Although the sales have increased by 14% ((125,706-110,345)/110,345=14%), but the increase in operating profit is greater than the increase in revenue ultimately improving the operating profit margin. Gross Profit Margin The group has reasonably high gross profit ratio is both years. It has improved to 71.43% in 2009 as compared to 69.43% in 2008 which represent 2% change. The group has made efforts to control the cost of sales. It is very important to note that, there is a huge decline from gross profit to operating profit. Gross profit declined by 64.26% and 67.12% in 2009 and 2008 respectively and also the company is operating with significantly high operating costs. Group’s operating cost is ?84,244,000 and ?75,798,000 in 2009 and 2008 respectively. Assets Turnover Asse ts Turnover indicates how efficiently the company has used its assets in generating profits. It has increased to 1.79 times in 2009 from 1.63 times in 2008. This is because the sales volume has increased by a net of ? 15,361,000 in 2009 representing 14% increase, while the total assets have increased by a net of only ?2,414,000 which represents 2% increase. Interest Cover Due to improved profitability, Interest Cover has reached 5.17 times in 2009 from 1.55 times in 2008. There is a slight decrease in total finance cost in both years. It has decreased by a net of ?110,000. This is due to the fact that the group has lesser financial liabilities than previous years. The cost of loans and over draft has decreased from ?1,644,000 to ?1, 2,201,000 from 2008 to 2009 because the group has repaid ?5 million for the long term debt during the year. Balance Sheet Gearing Balance sheet gearing describes the degree to which the Group’s business activities are finance by the owner’s equity and the creditors (Ogilvie, 2008). It is good to see that the financial gearing has decreased from 37.6% to 24% in 2009. The reasons for this decrease are the increase in equity due to net profits and other reserves, and the decrease in financial liabilities because the group has repaid ?5 million against long term liabilities. Total financial liabilities decreased to ?12,002,000 in 2009 from ?17,792,000 in 2008. Similarly total equity increased to ?37,991,000 in 2009 from ?29,526,000 in 2008. Current Ratio Current ratio indicates the availability of the current assets to pay the current liabilities when they fall due (Brigham Eugene Foster, 2009). This is one of the commonly used indicators of the liquidity. In both years the group has very high

Games at twilight Essay Example for Free

Games at twilight Essay Both stories had an unexpected ending; in Games at Twilight this had a very sad, disappointing ending for Ravi, due to the fact that he expected to emerge victoriously from the shed after his ordeal, to find that he had not been missed. In Pineapple Cake, a certain twist in the story formed which was unexpected. Throughout the story the writer appeared to focus on Mrs Fernandez watching Victors behaviour in anticipation that he would show her up. I really expected Victor to do something that would have discredited his mother, but when the old man died it gave a twist to the events. I feel that the plot in Games at twilight, builds up an image of Ravi in his dilemma, by describing how he imagined many creatures were watching him, and how he felt about the other children, especially Raghu as he was much more dominating in character. This gave an insight to his feelings and thoughts, which build up his character. In Pineapple Cake, there is a lot of drama towards the end of the story when all the attention focuses from Victor to the old man who has died in the middle of the wedding ceremony. I feel that both these stories have different plots that lead onto the main events. Both stories give an insight into the minds of the children through their actions and observations. Each story is written about children, which includes their thoughts and feelings around the situation theyre faced with. In Games at Twilight, very little is given by direct comment about Ravi, only that he is small. Whilst he is in the shed the writer expressed how he felt by his reactions to the dark, spooky shed. He was frightened of this situation especially the creatures that may be watching him. In Pineapple Cake, Victor was described as being Nervous rather than rebellious child, this was perhaps true because of his bombastic mother who appeared to control him by bribery. Apart from his child like tendencies, I do feel that he was sensible as he demonstrated good behaviour in his mothers presence even thou he knew he may not get is reward. Both stories do have a sad ending. In Games at Twilight, Ravi wanted to make an impression on the other children, especially Raghu. These were destroyed when he came out of the shed and realised his insignificance amongst the other children. In Pineapple Cake, it also ended in a sad event. Victor endured a day in uncomfortable shoes and clothes and in a boring environment. At the end the death of the old man affected him so much that he was no longer interested in his promised pineapple cake. It appeared that Victors father was not present at this event. There is not much reference within the text describing his father, only Had his father brought him here on a Sunday outing, he could perhaps be working or not living with Victor and his mother. She dominated and insulted victor, saying Dont you go and wet your pants, man, This may have caused him to be withdrawn and quiet, but I do think that he is smart because throughout the story his mother promised him this cake and he knew she wasnt very reliable in keeping a promise. Games at Twilight gives little mention of the mother and appears to be centred on the children and their activities, Which is play. This is centred on their mischievous and noisy games and gives Ravi personal experiences and disbeliefs in the other children. In Pineapple Cake, the story is focused on a child and his mother, who are attending this posh wedding. In the whole story she comes across in a boisterous manner towards Victor. She believes she is important and was looking forward to Having tea at Greens, you know. From her attitude and feelings towards Victor, you are able to form a character of a women who was impatient, Well, come along, get dressed quickly yes, yes, and insensitive through the way she had Victors cake after the death and said I think wed better go now. Both stories express the frustrations of each child within the story. The writer does this by showing their inability to control each dilemma theyre faced with. I did enjoy Pineapple Cake, rather than Games at Twilight, as the plot had more humour to it and there was plenty of action. I could also feel an element of suffering for Victor during his stressful day. The end of the story came as a complete surprise to the reader. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

The Benin Bronzes Essay -- Benin Brass Plaques

This essay deals with the nature of a cross cultural encounter between the Benin people and Portuguese traders in the 15th and 16th centuries, which resulted in the depiction of Portuguese figures in Benin brass plaques. It will propose that this contact between people with different cultures was on the basis of 'mutual regard' (Woods, K. 2008, p. 16), and although the Portuguese had qualms about idolatry in Benin it will show that assumptions by Europeans up to the 20th century of the primitive nature of tribal African societies was inaccurate with regard to the Benin people, who had a society based on the succession of the King or 'Oba', a Royal Family and Nobility. The essay will finally suggest that Benin’s increase in wealth following the arrival of the Portuguese led to a resurgence in bronze sculptures and the introduction of a new form, the rectilinear plaque. The plaque under consideration, is of a forward facing man, with an aquiline nose, thin lips, neatly trimmed beard, wearing a sun hat with flaps and looking intently at the viewer. He is dressed in a typical 16th century Portuguese style, wearing a decorated tunic with padded shoulders and tight breeches with short boots. He has a business like manner, carrying in his right hand a brass manilla, the main item of exchange with Benin, and a walking cane in the other. It is significant that he is not armed, clearly indicating he is safe in foreign surroundings. The background is pleasingly stylised with clusters of petals set against a stippled ground imbuing a secure feeling. It seems probable that Fernao Gomes, a Portuguese 'merchant adventurer' discovered the kingdom of Benin in 1474 (Wood, K. 2008, p. 8), seeking trading opportunities and looking for gold. The... ...best case for the retention of the British Benin sculptures is to accord them the unique status they deserve as exceptional artworks and exhibit them appropriately in a prestigious national art gallery, for everyone to appreciate fully. Works Cited Flinders, P. and Holman, K. and others, (2012) AA100 'Tutorial Forum Book 3, Weeks, 1 and 2' – Benin , online at http://learn.open.ac.uk/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=900850, accessed between 4 and 17 February, 2015. Loftus, D. and Wood, P. (2008), 'The Art of Benin: Changing Relations Between Europe and Africa II' in Brown, R. D. (ed.) Cultural Encounters (AA100 Book 3), Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 43-87. The Art of Benin, (2009), AA100 DVD ROM, Milton Keynes, The Open University. The Open University, (2008), AA100 Illustration Book (Plates for Books 3 and 4), Milton Keynes, The Open University.

Gatsby, Corruption of Wealth

Cold Cash Turns to Cold Hearts The 1920s’ was a hectic time period for many young and wealthy people living in New York City. Many entrepreneurs took advantage of these economic opportunities and profited greatly. Although, some took their wealth in strife, to benefit others, some people misused their new power. In the novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald shows how money and power are often abused. Gatsby never understood the genuine value of hard work. While Tom and Gatsby are talking, Gatsby exclaimed, â€Å"After that, I lived like a rajah in all the capitols of Europe† (Fitzgerald 65). Gatsby was constantly living the life of extreme leisure and luxury, having no responsibilities, and no problems. It is almost as if Gatsby is the â€Å"king† of West Egg, with his huge palace and nice cars. As an article states, Gatsby had â€Å"his white suit, silver shirt, and gold tie-his palatial house, his grand parties, his fancy automobile, his hydroplane, and his library of real books. †(Pauly) With endless amounts of materialistic items and fake friendships what is there to live for? Although Gatsby tells people that he had â€Å"inherited† his wealth, Nick believes he made the money a different and immoral way. When Nick and Gatsby travel to the city one afternoon, they meet a shady man who claims to be good friends with Gatsby. At first, Nick mistakes him for a businessman but, Gatsby explains â€Å"Meyer Wolfsheim? No, he’s a gambler†¦ He’s the man who fixed the World Series back in 1919† (Fitzgerald 78). Gatsby appears to be an honest man, but there is a shady and crafty to side to him as well. A quote from an article proclaimed, â€Å"Jay Gatz, whose ill-gotten wealth is acquired solely to gain acceptance into the sophisticated, moneyed world of the woman he loves, Daisy Fay Buchanan† (Telgen). When people picture a sleazy gangster they see someone who is dirty, probably poorly dressed. However, Thomas H. Pauly’s article demonstrates, â€Å"Jay Gatsby effectively overturned the dated assumption that gangsters were lowlifes from the Bowery and replaced it with an upscale figure who was enviably wealthy and fashionably stylish. † Judging someone based on their appearance can have its repercussions. The squalid acts Gatsby would do just to get rich is mind-boggling, the money can bring out the most deceptive people. Some people may speculate that money can buy happiness, friends, and security. However, in the end Gatsby ended up with nothing, when he sadly discovered that money cannot buy true love. When people obtain a large amount of money, they either spend it wisely and profit or â€Å"blow† it, spending on superficial possessions they do not need. Unfortunately, with obvious disregard for morals, ethics and even the law, there is a corruption of wealth and power in the novel The Great Gatsby and in modern society as we know.

Feminism and Misandry in Popular Culture Essay

Feminism is dead. What exactly do I mean? Feminism is meant to be about gender equality, but this is no longer true. Instead, feminism has become synonymous with misandry—the hatred of men. Men are society’s official scapegoats while women are portrayed as victims. Men are often penalized for the collective guilt of men throughout history, and women feel they deserve compensation for this perceived victimization in the past. While the early feminist movement ensured equal opportunity for women, it now serves women’s special interests. Popular opinion portrays men as violent and animalistic, while women are viewed as caring and matronly. This is a misnomer perpetuated by a gynocentric society. According to a 2003 study by the Domestic Violence Research Center, it is estimated that 6 million men are victims of domestic violence in Canada alone, accounting for nearly half of all instances of domestic violence. However, fewer than 100,000 cases of male domestic abuse were reported. While it is true that women make up a larger percentage of rape victims, one in thirty-three men is raped or attempted to be raped by a woman. Even more shocking is that less than 1% of all male rape cases are ever reported. Barbara Kay, a Canadian gender equalist, says that the disparity between the reported cases and estimated cases is†¦ â€Å"Due to cultural norms that require men to present a strong facade†¦ men are less likely to verbalize fear of any kind. † Further discrimination happens against fathers. It is commonly assumed that the best interests of the child coincide with the best interests of the mother, but this simply isn’t true. In the study conducted by Patrick Fagan and Dorothy Hanks published in The Child Abuse Crisis: The Disintegration of Marriage, Family, and the American Community, the most likely perpetrator of abuse to a child is the child’s mother. The father is the parent most likely to be the protector of children, and the same study found that the presence of a father greatly lessens the risk of child sexual abuse. Yet many child custody laws in Canada and the United States strongly favor women. Approximately 70% of all custody cases are awarded to women in Western culture, and this percentage drastically increases in America and in the South. Most significantly, though, is the guilt that men must endure. Masculine traits are considered shameful or low-brow, while feminine traits are viewed as refined or high-brow. Overt manliness is something likened to piggishness or idiocy. Male sexuality is depicted as lustful harassment, while female sexuality is flaunted as beautiful and elegant. The hatred of men has become so mainstream that even Hallmark—known for its politically correct sentiments—features cards reading â€Å"There are plenty of things easier than finding a good man†¦ Nailing Jell-O to a tree, for instance. † or â€Å"Men are scum†¦ Excuse me. For a second there, I was feeling generous. † Hallmark is not the only one making money off of popular prejudice: TV shows, books, comic strips and even the new media all pander to this sexist trend. Western culture is seen as the height of the civil rights movement. Great activists like Louisa G. Anderson and Susan B. Anthony revolutionized Britain, America and the rest of the world. Modern feminism, however, caters to the personal gain and special interests of women. Gender equality applies to men and women alike, despite efforts by feminist elitist to degrade and exclude the male gender. Men endure much of the same injustice as women. Misandry is of equal importance to misogyny, and should be treated with the same intolerance.

NMSQT Test Tips and Basic Information

NMSQT Test Tips and Basic Information The NMSQT Basics You may have heard of the Redesigned PSAT Test with the acronym â€Å"NMSQT† attached. When you heard it or saw it, you probably asked yourself a bunch of questions: What does the NMSQT stand for? Why is it attached to the PSAT? I thought that was just the test that demonstrated how you might score on the SAT. Why should I be concerned about this test? Why does everyone always have to use acronyms for multiple choice exams? If you want to know more about the PSAT -  NMSQT, I’m here to help. If you do not want to read more about it, then go read something else. What Is the NMSQT? The National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (NMSQT) is the exact same thing as the PSAT exam. That’s right – you only have to take the one test, usually during your sophomore and junior years of high school. So why the extra acronym? Well, this test provides you with two different outcomes: a National Merit Scholarship score and the PSAT score. So, what is the National Merit Scholarship? If the PSAT is qualifying you for it, you definitely should know what the stakes are. How To Qualify for the NMSQT First things first. Before anyone will ever look at your PSAT/NMSQT score, you have to have the following things going for you. Give yourself a point if you are: A U.S. citizen/intended U.S. citizenEnrolled full time in high schoolTaking the PSAT your junior yearCarrying a strong academic recordGoing to complete the NMSC Scholarship application Oh! One other small thing†¦you have to have  scored well on the darn test itself. There’s always a catch. The PSAT/NMSQT Score They Want   In order to determine your NMSQT Selection Index,  your Math, Reading, and Writing section scores (which fall between 8 and 38) are added and then multiplied by 2.  The PSAT NMSC Selection Index ranges from 48 to 228.   Math: 34Critical Reading: 27Writing: 32Your NMSQT Index Score Would Be:  186 A 186, however, would be way too low to qualify for a scholarship from the NMSQT. Each state has a minimum index score for eligibility, which starts at 206 for places like North Dakota and West Virginia, all the way up to 222 for New Jersey and the District of Columbia. So if you’re interested in the benefits of the National Merit Scholarship, you better prepare for the PSAT. The National Merit Process Scholarships usually involve cash, but there’s a process that happens behind the scenes before they’re handed out. Once you’ve taken the PSAT and receive your NMSQT index score back, one of three things can happen: Nothing. You didn’t score high enough to qualify for the National Merit Scholarship. Congrats. Go crawl in a hole somewhere and cry yourself to sleep.You become a Commended Student. You’re no longer in the running for the National Merit Scholarship, but since you impressed the selection committee with your score and academic record, you can still qualify for other scholarships sponsored by businesses and corporations.You qualify as an NMS Semi-finalist.  You made the cut, and hats off to you, because only 16,000 out of the 1.5 million who take the test actually make it this far. The semi-finalists will then be whittled down to 15,000 finalists. From there, 1,500 finalists will receive special scholarships from corporate sponsors, and 8,200 will receive the oh-so-coveted National Merit Scholarship. What Do You Get If You Receive the NMS? Fame. Maybe not the Brad Pitt kind, but the National Merit Scholarship Committee will release your name to the media for some pretty heavy exposure. You always wanted to be a star, right?Money. You’ll get $2,500 from the NMSC, and other scholarships from both corporate and college sponsors. In other words, your parents may have to find other uses for the gigantic Stafford Loan they just took out in your name, because you’ll have some cash coming in.Bragging Rights. Since only 0.5 percent of the PSAT-takers receive this illustrious scholarship, you can certainly brag about it for a while. Or at least until someone gets really irritated. That’s it. The NMSQT in a nutshell. Now go study.

The Architecture of El Tajin

The Architecture of El Tajin The once-magnificent city of El Tajin, which flourished not far inland from Mexicos Gulf Coast from roughly 800-1200 A.D., features some truly spectacular architecture. The palaces, temples and ballcourts of the excavated city show impressive architectural details like cornices, inset glyphs and niches. The City of Storms After the fall of Teotihuacan around 650 A.D., El Tajin was one of several powerful city-states that arose in the ensuing vacuum of power. The city flourished from about 800 to 1200 A.D. At one time, the city covered 500 hectares and may have had as many as 30,000 inhabitants; its influence spread throughout Mexicos Gulf Coast region. Their chief God was Quetzalcoatl, whose worship was common in Mesoamerican lands at the time. After 1200 A.D., the city was abandoned and left to return to the jungle: only locals knew about it until a Spanish colonial official stumbled across it in 1785. For the past century, a series of excavation and preservation programs have taken place there, and it is an important site for tourists and historians alike. The City of El Tajin and its Architecture The word Tajà ­n refers to a spirit with great powers over the weather, especially in terms of rain, lightning, thunder and storms. El Tajà ­n was built in the lush, hilly lowlands not far from the Gulf Coast. It is spread out over a relatively spacious area, but hills and arroyos defined the city limits. Much of it may once have been built of wood or other perishable materials: these have been long since lost to the jungle. There are a number of temples and buildings in the Arroyo Group and old ceremonial center and palaces and administrative-type buildings in Tajà ­n Chico, located on a hill to the north of the rest of the city. To the northeast is the impressive Great Xicalcoliuhqui wall. None of the buildings is known to be hollow or to house a tomb of any sort. Most of the buildings and structures are made of a locally available sandstone. Some of the temples and pyramids are built over earlier structures. Many of the pyramids and temples are made of finely carved stone and f illed with packed earth. Architectural Influence and Innovations El Tajin is unique enough architecturally that it has its own style, often referred to as Classic Central Veracruz. Nevertheless, there are some obvious external influences on the architectural style at the site. The overall style of the pyramids at the site is referred to in Spanish as the talà ºd-tablero style (it basically translates as slope/walls). In other words, the overall slope of the pyramid is created by piling progressively smaller square or rectangular levels on top of another. These levels can be quite tall, and there is always a stairway to grant access to the top. This style came to El Tajà ­n from Teotihuacan, but the builders of El Tajin took it further. On many of the pyramids in the ceremonial center, the tiers of the pyramids are adorned with cornices which jut out into space on the sides and corners. This gives the buildings a striking, majestic silhouette. The builders of El Tajà ­n also added niches to the flat walls of the tiers, resulting in a richly textured, dramatic look not seen at Teotihuacan. El Tajin also shows influence from Classic era Maya cities. One notable similarity is the association of altitude with power: in El Tajà ­n, the ruling class built a palace complexes on hills adjacent to the ceremonial center. From this section of the city, known as Tajin Chico, the ruling class gazed down upon the homes of their subjects and the pyramids of the ceremonial district and the Arroyo Group. In addition, building 19 is a pyramid which features four stairways to the top, on in each cardinal direction. This is similar to el Castillo or the Temple of Kukulcan in Chichà ©n Itz, which likewise has four stairways.   Another innovation at El Tajà ­n was the idea of plaster ceilings. Most of the structures at the top of pyramids or on finely built bases were constructed of perishable materials such as wood, but there is some evidence in the Tajà ­n Chico area of the site that some of the ceilings may have been made of a heavy plaster. Even the ceiling at the Building of the Columns may have had an arched plaster ceiling, as archaeologists discovered large blocks of convex, polished blocks of plaster there. Ballcourts of El Tajn The ballgame was of paramount importance to the people of El Tajà ­n. No fewer than seventeen ballcourts have been found so far at El Tajà ­n, including several in and around the ceremonial center. The usual shape of a ball court was that of a double T: a long narrow area in the middle with an open space at either end. At El Tajà ­n, buildings and pyramids were often constructed in such a way that they would naturally create courts between them. For example, one of the ballcourts in the ceremonial center is defined on either side by Buildings 13 and 14, which were designed for spectators. The south end of the ballcourt, however, is defined by Building 16, an early version of the Pyramid of the Niches. One of the most striking structures at El Tajin is the South Ballcourt. This was obviously the most important one, as it is decorated with six marvelous panels carved in bas-relief. These show scenes from the ceremonious ballgames including human sacrifice, which often was the result of one of the games. The Niches of El Tajin The most remarkable innovation of El Tajà ­ns architects was the niches so common at the site. From the rudimentary ones at Building 16 to the magnificence of the Pyramid of the Niches, the sites best-known structure, niches are everywhere at El Tajà ­n. The niches of El Tajà ­n are small recesses set into the exterior walls of the tiers of several pyramids on the site. Some of the niches in Tajà ­n Chico have a spiral-like design in them: this was one of the symbols of Quetzalcoatl. The best example of the importance of the Niches at El Tajin is the impressive Pyramid of the Niches. The pyramid, which sits on a square base, has exactly 365 deep-set, well-designed niches, suggesting that it was a place where the sun was worshiped. It was once dramatically painted to heighten the contrast between the shady, recessed niches and the faces of the tiers; the interior of the niches was painted black, and the surrounding walls red. On the stairway, there were once six platform-altars (only five remain). Each of these altars features three small niches: this adds up to eighteen niches, possibly representing the Mesoamerican solar calendar, which had eighteen months. Importance of Architecture at El Tajin The architects of El Tajin were very skilled, using advances such as cornices, niches, cement and plaster to make their buildings, which were brightly, dramatically painted to great effect. Their skill is also evident in the simple fact that so many of their buildings have survived to the present day, although the archaeologists who restored the magnificent palaces and temples surely helped. Unfortunately for those who study the City of Storms, relatively few records remain of the people who lived there. There are no books and no direct accounts by anyone who ever had direct contact with them. Unlike the Maya, who were fond of carving glyphs with names, dates and information into their stone artwork, the artists of El Tajin rarely did so. This lack of information makes the architecture that much more important: it is the best source of information about this lost culture. Sources: Coe, Andrew. . Emeryville, CA: Avalon Travel Publishing, 2001. Ladrà ³n de Guevara, Sara. El Tajin: La Urbe que Representa al Orbe. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2010. Solà ­s, Felipe. El Tajà ­n. Mà ©xico: Editorial Mà ©xico Desconocido, 2003. Wilkerson, Jeffrey K. Eighty Centuries of Veracruz. National Geographic 158, No. 2 (August 1980), 203-232. Zaleta, Leonardo. Tajà ­n: Misterio y Belleza. Pozo Rico: Leonardo Zaleta 1979 (2011).

Human Resource Information Systems Assignment (Please answer the

Human Resource Information Systems (Please answer the following 11questions) - Assignment Example SAP R/3 costs are associated with a number of variables. The timeframe will determine the total costs of maintaining, implementing and training procedures. Another variable is the number of people and hardware which will be required for the entire project. 2. Describe how existing history is extracted and imported to your system at conversion. Batch input is a major method to ensure the extraction and import of existing history. It is instrumental for transferring huge amounts of data (Rebstock & Knut, 45). The primary feature of this method is that it does not require maximum attention. Direct input is another method which is a modification of the batch input process. It helps to ensure efficient extraction and import of history. There are no additional fees related to the process of converting history in the SAP R/3 HR Module. The costs are included in the standard package that includes installation, configuration, and maintenance of the system. 4. Define the historical information your system maintains and how long it is available to your customers. Historical information is maintained in an efficient and effective manner by SAP R/3. This is done by integration with specific databases in the system. It can be used to ensure availability of data to clients for a long period. SAP R/3 has a dynamic employee self-service functionality system. It improves productivity and output while creating a responsive system. Information accessibility has been significantly enhanced through this feature. The organization can reduce costs through the display of relevant and appropriate information. This creates a true paperless environment that eliminates the costs associated with paper (Hernandez, Martinez & Keogh, 56). Personal information about remunerations and bonuses can be accessed by employees. Finally the system helps to streamline and automate the HR systems. SAP R/3 HR Module can

Situational Analysis - Obamas Inaugural Speech Essay

Situational Analysis - Obamas Inaugural Speech - Essay Example He gives hope for the dwindling economic throttle hold which has seen the deterioration of health, education, business, and employment sector as a result of greed, the irresponsibility of a few and the collective failure to make hard choices. To tackle the war, President Obama promises that America will responsibly withdraw its forces from Iraq and also â€Å"forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan† and to work tirelessly with â€Å"old friends and former foes to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet†. Obama, the first African American president, is addressing an audience drawn from all races at a time when the whole world is experiencing economic problems or war of a kind. The words must be well selected so as to appeal and put insight into the audience but not to provoke hard feelings from â€Å"old friends and former foes.† He must also bear in mind the millions of non-Americans listening to his speech, anxiously waiting for his remarks on the nuclear menace and war at large. America being the superpower and being at the watch by the world, his speech has to be well articulated. He has to tackle for instance terrorism and religious schisms well, in an attempt to unite the world once more. He does this by speaking directly to the people, the Muslim world, current leadership around the world, poor nations as well as prosperous nations. Being an African American, he has to address the issue of racism well, as this vice previously blackened the American History.

The learning transfer practices at Camair-Co Dissertation

The learning transfer practices at Camair-Co - Dissertation Example However, the behavioural as well as cognitive traits perceived by the learners should also be considered as vital in this context as these factors also have a substantial impact on the overall efficiency of the learning transfer process. Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank all the employees at Camair-Co who offered their cooperation, understanding and time when I was carrying out my research. I also extend my appreciation to my friends and family for being so supportive while I was completing this study. Finally, I offer my sincere thanks to God, for giving me the strength, perseverance and confidence to make all this possible. Table of Contents (INCLUDE WORD COUNT) Chapter 1 – Introduction 309 words (300) 1.1 Background Camair-Co is the national airline of the Republic of Cameroon that is based in Douala. The company offers passenger and cargo transportation to visiting friends and relatives, Government, NGOs and traders (History, 2011) Camair-Co employs 438 perso nnel comprising of both national and foreign expertise. Subedi (2004) suggests that a diverse workforce can raise significant challenges for the organisation in the execution of its learning or training transfer process (Subedi, 2004). Within today’s competitive business environment, strong talent is critical to the success of organisations. Consequently, management must ensure all employees are empowered through training to effectively transfer knowledge and skills back to the work place. 1.2 Statement of the problem Training activities at Camair-Co include on and off the job training. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the transfer of learning is... The paper tells that the notion behind the transfer of learning contributes significantly towards making the workforce effective. 10% of the overall staff salary at Camair-Co is spent on developing capabilities through training, learning and other development initiatives. In the writer’s experience, the most successful organisations have consistently invested a lot of money in training and developing their people however, evidence suggests the value derived from the training spend is not as encouraging. Only 10% and 34% of skills and knowledge gained from training is still applied by employees on-the-job a year later. Given the alarming statistics by researchers and the large amounts of money involved, monitoring and closing any gaps between what is invested and what is returned is critical. According to Cree & Macaulay, transfer of learning has been referred to the process of earlier learning which influences improved performance or learning. The transfer of learning is said to entail skills acquisition and knowledge gained in training that is transferred back to the job, as well as maintenance of the learned material over a period of time on-the-job. Broad & Newstrom describe it as ‘the effective and continuing application, by trainees to their jobs, of the knowledge and skills gained in training – both on and off the job’. This concept is of particular importance among organisations that seek to ensure peak performance amongst individuals and the organisation. Rothwell & Sredi assert that the transfer of learning also facilitates the organisations in the development of competitive advantage.

Effects of Bullying and Strategies for Bullying Prevention

Effects of Bullying and Strategies for Bullying Prevention Learning outcome 5 (5.1) Different types of bullying Bullying can have a wide range of negative effects on a child. It can happen at any age, any time and in many forms, not only face to face but also via mobile phones and online. The table below shows the different types of bullying and the effects. Reference/bibliography www.bullying.co.uk (5.2) Effects of bullying on children and young people The different types of bullying that have been identified in the table (physical, emotional, verbal, non-verbal, racial, and sexual and cyber) can have a wide range of effects on children and young people, which include the following. Changes in eating habits (reluctance to eat or binge eating) Reluctance to go to school (making up excuses that are made up such as stomach aches and feeling ill and playing truancy) Withdrawn behaviour and reluctance to communicate Seem upset and distressed Their belongings stolen or damaged whilst at school (ripped school uniform or bag or broken equipment) Physical injuries (may not always be visible e.g. hair pulling etc) Might have trouble sleeping Afraid to be on their own or spends too much time alone The effects of bullying can last a lifetime and have the flowing effects. Self harming (cutting wrists, scratching, hair loss, etc) Suicide Abuse alcohol and other drugs in adolescence and as adults Getting into fights, vandalizing property, and dropping out of school Getting into gangs/ gang fights Socialising with wrong members of the public (drug dealers) Engage in early sexual activity (for females become pregnant at a young age) Have criminal convictions Being abusive towards their partners, spouses or children as adults Children who witness bullying are more likely to do the following. Have increased use of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs Have increased mental health problems, including depression and anxiety Miss or skip school which effects their education Responding to evidence of bullying Clear policies and procedures should be followed in the school setting when an allegation has been made or evidence of bullying has been seen. Each school setting will have a anti-bullying and behaviour policy in place outlining what constitutes bullying and the standard of behaviour that is expected in the school. Anti bullying policy The anti bullying policy will set out a definition of what constitutes bullying and the different types of bullying that can be experienced. I will include the following. Unacceptable behaviour and definitions of this The responsibilities that the school holds for ensuring that action is taken if allegations are made or bullying is suspected Responsibilities of staff and governors Pupils have the right to learn free from intimidation and fear The needs of the victim are paramount School’s will not tolerate bullying behaviour Bullied pupils will be listened to Reported incidents would be taken seriously and thoroughly investigated Behaviour policy The behaviour policy will usually set out the rule and responsibilities of children and teachers within the school setting and the types of behaviour that are not acceptable. It will show the consequences of non-compliance and the procedures that will be followed if unacceptable behaviour takes place. Policies and procedures should come into force to ensure that bullying is stopped, and to make sure it does not happen again. The victim should have a meeting with the teacher to put together strategies in case the situation occurs again Point out that the behaviour that has occurred is unacceptable, and provide information how they are going to be monitored Meeting with staff and other children who have witnessed the bullying should take place to obtain additional evidence Consider if external agencies should get involved Make use of curriculum to restore self esteem in the victim and to discuss bullying and unacceptable behaviour Behaviour policy for schools would include the following. To create a consistent environment that expects, encourages and recognises good behaviour and one in which everyone feels happy and safe To help pupils develop self respect, self control and accountability for their own behaviour To encourage the partnership between home and school Staff responsibilities To role model good behaviour and positive relationships To emphasise the importance of values and being valued To provide an effective learning and teaching environment To encourage positive relationships based on kindness, empathy and respect To ensure fair treatment for all regardless of ability, age, sex, or race Show appreciation of the efforts and contributions of everyone Children should learn to expect recognition for positive behaviour and fair and consistency applied consequences for inappropriate behaviour. Recognition and praise should be given where ever possible for both work and behaviour. These recognitions and praise could be the following. Stickers for good behaviour (warn by the child) Positive recognition to parents for good behaviour House points awarded Good behaviour notes sent home by parents Certificates (presented in assembly) All these policies and procedures are in place to ensure the school’s expectations and standards are met. All school’s have policies and procedures in place to support staff and children from situations such as bullying to provide a safe and secure environment for the children to learn and be happy in. children should have the right to learn in a safe, secure and anti-bullying environment and these policies help children from doing that. Behaviour policies also help in the school setting by encouraging children and staff to behave how they should and be treated how they would like to be treated I appositive way. Reference/bibliography www.stopbulkying.gov.uk (5.3) Supporting a child when bullying is suspected or alleged Within a school setting there are policies and procedures in place for the correct procedure to be followed if a child is being bullied or if bullying is suspected. As a support assistant it is very important that they are approachable so that children feel able to confide any instances of bullying. Some children who are being bullied would find it difficult and would be scared to share their feelings and to report the bullying. It is important to reassure the children that they have done the right thing in reporting the bullying, and that they will be 100% supported now that the bullying has been disclosed. Parents should be made aware of the school behaviour and anti-bullying policies to inform them of their child’s rights and the ways that the school can support them. When dealing with a child who is being bullied they can be upset but may not show their feelings. It is very important to take the problem seriously. The child has to be listened to and re-assured that they are doing the right thing by sharing their worries and feelings. For parents the signs to look out for if a child is being bullied are. Coming home with damaged or missing clothes, without money they should have, or with scratches or bruises they shouldn’t have Having trouble with homework for no apparent reason Using a different route between home and school Feeling irritable, easily upset or particularly emotional What can you do if you suspect a child is being bullied? Reference/bibliography www.nhs.uk www.bullying.co.uk

The Role of Women in The Canterbery Tales :: Canterbury Tales Essays

The Role of Women in The Canterbery Tales Chaucer, in his female pilgrimage thought of women as having an evil-like quality that they always tempt and take from men. They were depicted as untrustworthy, selfish and vain and often like caricatures not like real people at all. Through the faults of both men and women, Chaucer showed what is right and wrong and how one should live. Under the surface, however, lies a jaded look of women in the form that in his writings he seems to crate them as caricatures and show how they cause the downfall of men by sometimes appealing to their desires and other times their fears. Chaucer obviously had very opinionated views of the manners and behaviours of women and expressed it strongly in The Canterbury Tales. In his collection of tales, he portrayed two extremes in his prospect of women. The Wife of Bath represented the extravagant and lusty woman where as the Prioress represented the admirable and devoted followers of church. Chaucer delineated the two characters contrastingl y in their appearances, general manners, education and most evidently in their behaviour towards men. Yet, in the midst of disparities, both tales left its readers with an unsolved enigma. The Wife of Bath represents the "liberal" extreme in regards to female stereotypes of the Middle Ages. Unlike most women being anonymous during the Middle Ages, she has a mind of her own and voices herself. Furthermore, she thinks extremely highly of herself and enjoys showing off her Sunday clothes whenever the opportunity arises. She intimidates men and women alike due to the power she possesses. Because of her obnoxious attitude Chaucer makes her toothless, fat and large. Doubtlessly, she is very ugly, almost to the point of "not-presentable. This to me shows how Chaucer depicts what men don't want. The Prioress, on the other hand, serves as a foil to the Wife of Bath. Chaucer describes her as "tender-hearted" who cannot bear the sight of pain or physical suffering. She will cry at the thought of a dog dying. It could represent that she has a frail soul with low tolerance for pain and suffering. The latter description carries over into the modern stereotypes about wome n as skittish and afraid members of society who need to be cared for. The Role of Women in The Canterbery Tales :: Canterbury Tales Essays The Role of Women in The Canterbery Tales Chaucer, in his female pilgrimage thought of women as having an evil-like quality that they always tempt and take from men. They were depicted as untrustworthy, selfish and vain and often like caricatures not like real people at all. Through the faults of both men and women, Chaucer showed what is right and wrong and how one should live. Under the surface, however, lies a jaded look of women in the form that in his writings he seems to crate them as caricatures and show how they cause the downfall of men by sometimes appealing to their desires and other times their fears. Chaucer obviously had very opinionated views of the manners and behaviours of women and expressed it strongly in The Canterbury Tales. In his collection of tales, he portrayed two extremes in his prospect of women. The Wife of Bath represented the extravagant and lusty woman where as the Prioress represented the admirable and devoted followers of church. Chaucer delineated the two characters contrastingl y in their appearances, general manners, education and most evidently in their behaviour towards men. Yet, in the midst of disparities, both tales left its readers with an unsolved enigma. The Wife of Bath represents the "liberal" extreme in regards to female stereotypes of the Middle Ages. Unlike most women being anonymous during the Middle Ages, she has a mind of her own and voices herself. Furthermore, she thinks extremely highly of herself and enjoys showing off her Sunday clothes whenever the opportunity arises. She intimidates men and women alike due to the power she possesses. Because of her obnoxious attitude Chaucer makes her toothless, fat and large. Doubtlessly, she is very ugly, almost to the point of "not-presentable. This to me shows how Chaucer depicts what men don't want. The Prioress, on the other hand, serves as a foil to the Wife of Bath. Chaucer describes her as "tender-hearted" who cannot bear the sight of pain or physical suffering. She will cry at the thought of a dog dying. It could represent that she has a frail soul with low tolerance for pain and suffering. The latter description carries over into the modern stereotypes about wome n as skittish and afraid members of society who need to be cared for.

Milk Research Essay

Milk is ancient as mankind itself; many centuries ago humans learned how to consume the milk of other mammals following the domestication of different species of animals. These included cows, sheep, buffaloes, goats and camels, all still used today for human consumption. This development occurred independently in several parts of the world starting in Southwest Asia perhaps as early as 8000-6000 BC. In 1863 a great invention, the pasteurization, allowed to kill harmful bacteria in milk and milk products while in 1884 an American inventor, Hervey Thatcher, invented the first glass milk bottle (called â€Å"Thatcher’s Common Sense Milk Jar). The first plastic-coated bottles were introduced commercially in 1932. CONSUMPION WORLDWIDE Today there are more than 6 billion consumers of milk and milk products throughout the world even if the role of milk in the traditional diet is greatly different among regions; the majority of the consumers are in the developing countries but milk and its derivatives have not been a traditional food in tropical countries as they have been in northern regions of the world (Europe and North America). The reason for that is primary the difference in temperatures and in the possibilities of refrigeration. It is estimated that 12 to 14 percent of the world population, more than 750 million people, live within dairy farming households; for all these reason and for its prospective important role in improving nutrition, particularly in developing countries, milk is a good medium to reduce poverty and malnutrition in the world. As said before the total milk consumption, as fluid milk and its products, per person is not homogeneously distributed in the world even if the trend descript before is going to change and the market for milk is expanding in several places worldwide: over the past two decades, all developing country regions have seen an expansion in per capita consumption of dairy products. Increasing affluence in developing countries has led to a rise of milk consumption in recent years and these growing markets have attracted investment by multinational dairy firms; however, production in the majority of these countries remains on a small scale. Per Capita consumption of Milk and Milk products in various countries, 2006 data. | Country| Liquid Milk Drinks (Litres)| Cheeses (kg)| Butter (kg)| Finland| 183. 9| 19. 1| 5. 3| Sweden| 145. 5| 18. 5| 1. 0| Ireland| 129. 8| 10. 5| 2. 9| Netherlands| 122. 9| 20. 4| 3. 3| Norway| 116. 7| 16. 0| 4. 3| Spain (2005)| 119. 1| 9. 6| 1. 0| Switzerland| 112. 5| 22. 2| 5. 6| United Kingdom (2005)| 111. 2| 12. 2| 3. 7| Australia (2005)| 106. 3| 11. 7| 3. 7|. Canada (2005)| 94. 7| 12. 2| 3. 3| European Union (25 countries)| 92. 6| 18. 4| 4. 2| Germany| 92. 3| 22. 4| 6. 4| France| 92. 2| 23. 9| 7. 3| New Zealand (2005)| 90. 0| 7. 1| 6. 3| United States| 83. 9| 16. 0| 2. 1| Austria| 80. 2| 18. 8| 4. 3| Greece| 69. 0| 28. 9| 0. 7| Argentina (2005)| 65. 8| 10. 7| 0. 7| Italy| 57. 3| 23. 7| 2. 8| Mexico| 40. 7| 2. 1| N/A| China (2005)| 8. 8| N/A| N/A| | | | | Source: International Dairy Federation, Bulletin 423/2007. | PRODUCTION In 2010 the largest producer of milk and milk products was India followed by USA, China, Germany, Pakistan and Russia. The 27 countries of the European Union together produced about 138 million tones of milk in 2011. India is also the largest consumer of milk, yet neither exports nor imports milk. On the other hand New Zealand, The EU 27 member states, Australia and the US are the world’s largest exporters while China and Russia are the world’s largest importers of milk and milk products. Dairy and other livestock products have a high income-elasticity of demand, especially at low income levels. This means that increases in income leads to large increases in demand for these products. This analysis explains why milk and dairy consumption has increased so much in developing countries, as the GDP per capita has grown, and help to understand the production pattern that we see in these years. In fact, developing country growth in demand for and consumption of milk has been matched by increasing production and their production growth has significantly outpaced that of developed countries. Since the late 1980s a great part of the production growth has been concentrated in the developing countries. However, there are differences between developed and developing countries; most milk in developing countries is still produced in a small scale system with little or no mechanization or new technological innovations, although large-scale units can be found also in developing countries. The real growth pole of milk production in the developing countries has been South Asia, which has seen continuous and sustained growth in production. Today, India alone is responsible for almost a third of developing country production and 16% of global production. Latin America and the Caribbean is the second-largest regional producer, but with production having expanded at a slower rate than in South Asia. East and Southeast Asia, and especially China, has seen production grow at an extremely rapid pace over the past decade, but the region’s production levels are still far short of those of South Asia and Latin America. To summarize, the major milk production regions are: * South Asia: 23 percent of global production, mainly India and Pakistan. * EU-25: 21 percent, mainly Germany and France. * USA: 12 percent. * CIS: 10 percent, mainly the Russian Federation and Ukraine. * Latin America: 10 percent, mainly Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. * East and Southeast Asia: 8 percent, mainly China and Japan. * Africa: 5 percent ? the largest milk-producing countries are Egypt, Kenya, South Africa and Sudan. * Oceania: 4 percent. * Near and Middle East: 4 percent, mainly Iran and Turkey. Production of the top five countries Cow milk dominates global commercial production: in 2011 FAO estimates that 85% of all milk worldwide was produced from cows. United States is the biggest cow milk producer, accounting for 14. 6% of world production, followed by India and China. For the last fifty years, the dairy sector in most developed countries has shifted towards bigger herd size and significantly higher annual milk production per cow. According to the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) the herd size in developed countries in the period between 2001 and 2007 went from 74 to 99 cows per herd in 17 countries covering Europe, Asia, Australia and North America. However, there is a large variation among countries, ranging from 19 cows per herd in Norway to 337 on average in New Zealand. Annual milk production in the same period increased from 7,726 to 8,550 kg per recorded cow in these countries. The highest average production was obtained in Israel, amounting to 12,546 kg per cow, and the lowest in New Zealand with 3,974 kg per cow. This reflects different production systems. The system in New Zealand is based on all year grazing in contrast to Israel, where the system is based on in barn feeding with energy-rich total mixed rations. PRODUCTION OUTLOOK FOR NEXT YEARS World milk production in 2012 is forecast to grow by 2. 7 percent to 750 million tons. Asia is expected to account for most of the increase, with output in India forecast to rise by 5. 2 million tons to 12. 7 million tons. Dynamic domestic demand is the main engine stimulating growth, as India is largely absent from the international market for dairy products. An increased output is also expected in China, Pakistan and Turkey as the demand continues to increase. High rates of growth in production are expected in New Zealand and Australia as well, in order of 9% and 4% respectively. In the European Union the growth in milk output is expected to moderate in 2012–13 in response to lower profitability but production is projected to increase over the medium term. While the EU milk quota will increase by 1 per cent a year through to 2013–14 before complete removal of quotas from 1 April 2015, the quotas are unlikely to be a binding constraint on production. Over the past two years EU milk production was 6 to 7 per cent below the overall quota and production is expected to remain below quota until 2014–15. For what concern the trade of milk, Asia will continue to be the main market, with additional demand expected to come from countries such as China. Elsewhere, imports by Egypt may also grow, as could by Mexico and Venezuela. However, imports by Brazil may decrease, due to rising domestic milk production. Great increase in availabilities from pasture-based production in Argentina, New Zealand and Uruguay could stimulate their exports to rise by 12,8 and 5 percent respectively. The other principal trading countries as Australia, Belarus, the EU and the United States are anticipated to maintain their sales levels. INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS Global trade in dairy products has increased significantly in value and volume terms over the last decades. Between 1980 and 2008, the volume of total dairy exports (expressed in milk equivalents) more than doubled, from 41. 7 million tons to 92. 2. Also the share in volume terms of production that enters international trade increased, from 8. 5 percent to 12. 6 percent for dairy products, (whit an annual growth in exports of 2. 9%), reflecting the increasing degree of openness to trade of the sector and influenced by heavy use of export subsidies, which supported shipments of developed countries’ dairy exports. However, due to the non-durable nature of dairy products, the share of output that is traded internationally still remains relatively low. The major part of dairy products are consumed within the country of production and do not be traded. In fact a few countries have a milk-surplus (Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Uruguay, countries of the EU and Eastern Europe while in most regions imports exceed exports, like in Algeria, China, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines and Russia. It is estimated that only around 6% of milk is traded across borders. Milk is mainly traded in the form of butter, milk powder and cheese, but also as concentrated milk, casein and butter oils. The EU and New Zealand are the biggest exporters of dairy products; major importers include China, Mexico, Japan, Algeria, Russia, Philippines and Saudi Arabia. Producer prices for milk differ significantly around the world: Latin America, South Asia and New Zealand are low cost producers; countries such as the EU and US are high cost producers like Switzerland, Norway and Canada. Over 90% of milk production in New Zealand is exported, and therefore milk prices in New Zealand provide a good indication of the prices on the world market. Traditionally, the milk price in New Zealand was about half the European milk price even if today EU milk prices are not that much above the New Zealand benchmark. International dairy trade pattern has traditionally been composed of exports from developed countries (EU, New Zealand, Australia, USA) to developing countries (China, Mexico, Algeria, Russia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia). New Zealand exports mainly to Asia, while EU exports mainly to Russia, North Africa and the Middle East. Although milk production is growing rapidly in many developing countries, so is domestic demand; thus only a few developing countries, probably in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil) are expected to become significant exporters of dairy products in the near future. TOP EXPORTERS Oceania: New Zealand and Australia (Oceania) presence on the international dairy markets has increased considerably after the elimination of domestic support and deregulation, but also after reduced market participation of some traditional exporters (notably from the EU). The global export market share of Oceania has risen from 20% in the 1980s to more than 40% today. The region has become an important driver of global dairy markets. NEW ZEALAND. In New Zealand the production of milk has been constantly raising until 17,895 tons in 2011. New Zealand produces about 2% of total world production at around 16 billion liters every year (New Zealand dairy production has risen 77% over the past 20 years) but, unlike most other countries, around 95% of its dairy production is exported rather than consumed by the domestic market. New Zealand is the major exporter of butter, with almost 44% of global exports and the major overall net exporter of dairy products whit a share of 35% of total trade. New Zealand is also an important exporter of skim and whole milk powders, contributing about 27% and 38%, respectively, of world trade. New Zealand dairy exports go to 151 countries; the key markets are China, the US, Japan and the EU. Production of milk, New Zealand New Zealand’s key export destinations AUSTRALIA Over the past two decades Australian milk production has been well above that volume required for domestic consumption, so that a significant proportion is destined for export markets. The share of total production exported has ranged from 40% to 60%. In the last three years Australia exported around 45% of its milk production which is the lowest proportion since the mid-1990s; so although Australia accounts for an estimated 2% of the world’s milk production, ranks third in terms of world dairy trade, with a 10% share, behind the European Union and New Zealand. Japan is the single most important export market for Australia, accounting for 19% of exports by value. Australian exports are concentrated in Asia, which represented 72% of the total dairy exports value of A$2. 4 billion in 2009/10. Australia’s top five export markets by volume in 2009/10 were Japan, Singapore, China, Indonesia and the Philippines. The fastest growing export market for Australia has been China. Production of milk, Australia EUROPEAN UNION European union accounts for 32% on the total trade of dairy products. The largest dairy products manufacturing sectors in terms of value added generated in 2006 were found in France (EUR 3. 2 billion), Germany (EUR 2. 6 billion) and Italy (EUR 2. 5 billion); together these three States contributed almost half (48. 1 %) of the EU-27’s value added. The dairy products manufacturing sectors of the United Kingdom and Spain were also relatively large; they accounted for a combined 18. 4 % of EU-27 output in 2005. Output grew at a faster rate than the EU-27 average in the three largest dairy producing countries during the ten-year period through to 2007. The strongest rates of growth, however, were recorded for Poland (on average rising by 4. 5 % per year) and Latvia (3. 0 % per year). Main trading partners of EU exports UNITED STATES The U. S. dairy industry is the sixth largest in the world in terms of milk production and represents more than 10% of the total world milk production in 2010. In terms of trade, around 13 percent of U. S. milk production was sold overseas in 2010. The total production is 193 billion pounds. In 2010, U. S. exports of cheese, total whey products, lactose and other dairy products were valued at $3. 71 billion, up 63 percent from the prior year. Export volume totaled 3. 04 billion pounds of U. S. U. S. dairy imports increased 2 percent in 2010 to $2. 60 billion. On a volume (total solids) basis, imports were the lowest since 1997. Export volume was more than four times the level of imports. Mexico, Southeast Asia and Canada are the main destinations for U. S. dairy products. In 2010, 12. 8% of U. S. milk production was sold overseas. On the other hand, New Zealand, Canada and Italy are the top three countries selling dairy products to the U. S. IMPORTERS Value of dairy products imports worldwide Major dairy products importers CHINA China has become a significant importer since 2009; for example it accounts for around 25% of world trade in whole milk powder (2011). This increase in imports has been driven by strong growth in domestic demand for dairy products and consumer concerns about the safety of domestically produced. Over the medium-term, China is expected to remain a significant importer of dairy products with a projected rise in milk production unlikely to match the expected growth in domestic demand. Chinese milk production has partially recovered since 2008 and is forecast to rise by 5% in 2012 to around 32. 2 million tons. While New Zealand is expected to remain the largest exporter of milk powders to China, the United States has the potential to expand its exports of skim milk powder to this market over the medium-term. China is likely to remain an important market for Australian exports of whole milk powder and cheese. RUSSIA Russia is expected to remain a significant importer of dairy products with further growth in domestic demand and limited increases in milk production. In 2011 Russia imported 130 000 tons of butter and 315 000 tons of cheese. TRADE POLICIES Developed countries have tended to protect and subsidize agricultural producers through various trade and agricultural policy instruments. Milk has been no exception and has indeed been one of the agricultural product which has seen the highest level of subsidies and protection, measured by the nominal rate of assistance (NRA). The NRA is an indicator that measures the percentage by which government policies have raised gross returns to farmers above what they would have been without government intervention. TRADE POLICIES (IMPORT) Many countries introduced measures to limit dairy imports. Brazil in 2004 decided to extend for an indefinite time the minimum export price requirement for imports from Argentina and Uruguay which was put in place in 2001. The extension was supported by Brazilian milk producers and opposed by the dairy industries of Argentina and Uruguay. In 2002, Colombia introduced a ban on imports of milk powder that was continued until April 2004. The government is following a policy of prohibiting imports and encouraging exports to support the national dairy sector. In recent years, difficulties have arisen with trade in milk powder with Venezuela which is a traditional market for Colombia. TRADE POLICIES (EXPORT) Following the fall in international prices from 2001, a number of countries raised subsidies on exports, in order to allow their domestic industries to compete on the world market. In the case of the EU and the United States, subsidies rose significantly during most of 2002. Towards the end 2002 and for 2003, the level of export subsidies by the United States fell as international prices rose. In the EU, export subsidies remained high principally as a result of appreciation of the Euro. BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS Australia and Thailand finalized a Free Trade Agreement in 2005 which cut tariffs for Australian dairy products. The agreement maintains restricted quota entry for dairy products but progressive access to Australian exports are allow over a 20 years period. United States concluded free-trade agreements with several Central American countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua) and the Dominican Republic. The countries involved will gain greater access to the US market, while many US exports will receive duty free treatment. Chile has signed a number of bi-lateral free trade agreements which include market access quotas for dairy products. These were signed with the United States, the European Union, and the Korean Republic. The agreements provide for annually increasing duty-free quota access and progressively reduced duties on out-of-quota exports. Russia and New Zealand signed a bilateral trade agreement in 2003. The agreement sets maximum levels for tariffs on dairy imports and provides security for New Zealand’s dairy access should Russia join the WTO. POLITICAL ISSUE: THE EU DAIRY REGIME Milk production comprises around 13% of the EU’s total agricultural production. The EU’s export surplus is small, around 5% of total production but accounts for around one-third of total world exports. The EU milk price is supported through high tariffs and export subsidies. High tariffs mean that the EU market for dairy products is effectively closed to imports from third countries. Reliance on export subsidies has been reduced in recent years as world market prices for dairy products have firmed and the EU specializes more in the export of higher-value cheese. However, they were temporarily re-introduced in 2009 as a mechanism to support milk prices in response to the very low prices in that year. Since 1984, the volume of milk produced in the EU has been limited by a quota although in recent years EU production has been below the quota ceiling. This quota arrangement is due to be eliminated from 2015. Simulations of the consequences of liberalizing the EU dairy market have been complicated by the simultaneous existence of high supported prices (which stimulate production) and the quota policy (which limits production). Some studies concluded that EU liberalization (defined as eliminating both protection and quotas) would result in increased EU production and net exports; others find that the protective effect of import tariffs outweighs the supply-constraining effect of quotas and that full liberalization would result in lower EU production and net exports. It seems now that the two policy changes will not occur simultaneously. The decision to abolish quotas from 2015 is now an EU commitment, while tariff changes will not happen now. The most recent simulation study of quota abolition for the Commission, estimates that it will lead to an increase of milk production of 4-5%, with a consequent fall in internal EU prices of around 10% (IPTS 2009). Other observers note that many Member States no longer are filling their quotas. With lower internal prices and demand growth within the EU, they expect quota abolition in 2015 to have only a limited impact on EU milk supply (OECD/FAO 2010). Quota elimination without reducing or removing the protective effect of EU tariffs means that EU dairy production will be higher, and consumption of dairy products lower. This will amplify the EU milk surplus and depress the level of EU imports, and thus depress world market prices below the level they would otherwise be. EU high value cheese exports have a global market, but milk powder exports are sold mainly to developing countries (North Africa, Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa). In many African countries, EU competition has been criticized for undermining dairy development. Imports of milk powder were seen as responsible for the failed attempts to establish dairy plants to provide the national market with milk, butter and other basic products. On the other hand someone says that EU imports increase the availability of dairy products and benefit consumers who might not otherwise be able to access to dairy products. In many African countries domestic supply cannot satisfy the growing domestic demand. Products based on imported milk powder often target a different market segment to that served by the local informal dairy sector. Processing plants built initially to handle imported powder can also act as a stimulus to the development of a local dairy industry. The truth might between these two opinions: given the actual local production and the low purchasing power of people, imported milk and dairy products are in the short term the only possible way to provide population’s request. High costs of production and inefficient marketing channels make local fresh milk more expensive than imported one. At the same time the existence of cheap dairy imports discourages processing plants from investing in local milk collection. By only reducing EU dairy exports to Africa African dairy production would not be immediately free because there are an increasing number of other low-cost exporters ready to enter the market. However, the availability of EU surplus powdered milk on the world market remains unfair competition, limiting the growth of the dairy sector in developing countries and undermining the incentives for farmers to boost local production to keep track with the growing demand. SOURCES * http://www. fao. org/index_en. htm * http://faostat3. fao. org/home/index. html * http://www. usda. gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome * http://www. clal. it/en/ * http://www. ifcnnetwork. org/en/start/index. php * http://www. globaldairytrade. info/Home. aspx * http://www. milkproduction. com/ * http://www. dairyco. org. uk/ * http://www. dairynz. co. nz/page/pageid/2145859475/International_Visitors * http://www. euromilk. org/eda/index. aspx * http://www. dairyaustralia. com. au/ *.